ISLAMABAD/SINGAPORE: Pakistan’s generators produced more power than was required on Monday, causing voltage fluctuations that culminated in a system collapse that plunged 220 million people into darkness, an internal government document reviewed by Reuters showed.

Complete grid failures are rare, and operators of modern grids count local shocks from integration of renewable energy as their primary challenge. But the blackout in Pakistan on Monday was its second near-complete grid failure and the third in south Asia in three months.

The grid’s failure plunged 220 million people into darkness for a whole day and disrupted commercial activity as outages also hit internet and mobile services.

The blackout was triggered by the power grid’s frequency rising to 50.75 hertz (hz) early on Monday, causing severe voltage fluctuations in transmission lines in the south, according to the internal note. A frequency over 50 hz indicates the power generated exceeds demand, while a frequency under 50 hz points to supply falling short of demand.

Country hit by major power outage

Grid operators attempt to keep the frequency of the grid stable at 50 hz, with deviations over 0.05 hz typically considered abnormal. The frequency of the grid was already 50.30 hz moments before the incident, according to the note.

The severe frequency fluctuations in the transmission lines caused it to trip, Sajjad Akthar, general manager at state-run National Transmission and Distribution Company (NTDC) wrote in the note drafted on Tuesday.

“Transmission lines tripped, which resulted in isolation of north and south system,” Akthar said in the note.

Pakistan’s energy ministry did not respond to a request for comment. The note did not mention why supply overshot demand.

About 11.35 gigawatts (GW) of power plants were in operation across the country when the transmission lines tripped and separated the northern and southern grid, the note read.

Such separations are intended to protect parts of the grid not primarily affected by instabilities.

However, demand potentially far exceeded supply in the northern grid after the isolation, as most power generators were located in the south, causing further instability, according to an industry official who reviewed the note.

The official declined to be named as he was not authorized to speak to the media.

Pakistan’s Energy Minister Khurram Dastgir had said in a tweet on Monday a “large voltage swing” in the south had “cascaded northwards” to cause a breakdown, but did not elaborate.

Pakistan started restoring power by operating hydropower stations in the north, and gas-fired utilities in the south, the note read, as they take the least time to start generating power.

While gas-fired utilities in the south started operating, it took nearly ten hours for the hydro plants to operate consistently and for the power restoration process to begin in the northern grid, according to the report. Akthar said mechanisms meant to save the system from a blackout had worked, but the grid was overwhelmed by the magnitude and range of fluctuations.

“Though under frequency, cross-trip and rate of change of frequency schemes operated, system could not survive and (it) led to a complete blackout,” the report read.

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Farooq Ahmad Jan 27, 2023 08:49am
ہم پاکستانی قوم پانی ملے دودھ کی عادی ہوچکی ہے۔ جب نیشنل گرڈ میں ضرورت سے زائد بجلی ہوگی تو خالص دودھ کی طرح ہمیں راس نہیں آئے گی۔ ہم تو لوڈ شیڈنگ اور کم وولٹیج کی عادی قوم ہیں
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Rana Altaf Jan 27, 2023 12:40pm
Fact Sheet. With PM new solar initiative a new problem may cause problem like this load management. The solar depends on weather if it produces extra electricity by solar system it may need now how to manage that load because due to net metering. Rana Amir
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Muhammad Musa Jan 28, 2023 12:10am
Very interesting, I did not know the whole of our countrymen had access to electricity!!! As far as my knowledge goes Pakistan's 30-35K villages do not have access to electricity. So whatever happened to our generation or distribution system was not relevant to the people living in these villages.
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