"The heads of state expressed satisfaction with the results of the Congress of Syrian National Dialogue held in Sochi on January 30," the Kremlin said in a statement.
On Tuesday, Russia hosted a Syria peace congress in an effort to find a peace settlement after seven years of war but the conference closed without a significant breakthrough after a string of boycotts and last-minute cancellations.
Nevertheless, UN Syria envoy Staffan de Mistura said delegates had agreed to the formation of a committee to discuss the war-torn country's post-war constitution.
The Kremlin statement said Putin and Erdogan "emphasised the importance of the agreements" reached at Sochi, adding they were aimed at finding a solution based on a UN Security Council's resolution.
The presidents also spoke of the "further coordination of Russia and Turkey's efforts to ensure the stable functioning of de-escalation zones" in Syria established by Turkey, Iran and Russia last year.
Around 1,400 delegates attended the meeting, as part of a broader push by regime-backer Moscow to consolidate its influence in the Middle East.