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Chahal returned impressive figures of 4-23 to help dismiss Sri Lanka for 87, in 16 overs, while chasing 181 as the hosts took a 1-0 lead in the three-match series.
Earlier Lokesh Rahul (61), Mahendra Singh Dhoni (39) and Manish Pandey (32) powered India to 180-3 after being invited to bat first.