The Russian currency tracked international oil benchmark Brent, which was down 4 percent on Tuesday morning to a nearly six-year low of $45.50 per barrel.
At 0708 GMT, the rouble was 1.8 percent down against the dollar at 64.34 roubles and 2 percent weaker against the euro at 76.25.
S&P said last month it expected to complete a review of Russia, which it already rates at just one notch above junk with a negative outlook, by mid-January.
ING analyst Dmitry Polevoy said in a note that the rouble could expect support later in the month from revenue sales by exporters which should start to pay taxes after Jan. 15.
But he added that without a rise in oil price it was likely to continue weakening in the short term to 65 roubles a dollar.
The rouble could also be supported by lower foreign-currency debt payments, estimated at less than $7.5 billion in January, down from $33 billion in December.
Russian stock indexes also fell: the rouble-based MICEX index was down 0.4 percent at 1,507 points, while the dollar-based RTS was down 2.55 percent at 737 points.