Dibaba timed 2hr 27min 35sec to edge Kenya's Helah Kiprop by just one second after a sprint-off in the final 50 metres.
Kenyan-born Bahraini Eunice Kirwa claimed bronze in 2:27:39, while defending champion Edna Kiplagat could only finish fifth (2:28:18) behind Kenyan teammate Jemima Sumgong.