They were asked to bat again after being dismissed for 149 in reply to Australia's first innings 481, a deficit of 332 runs.
Moeen Ali was last man out for an innings top score of 30.
Fast bowler Mitchell Johnson took three for 21, including two wickets in two balls to end the innings to dismiss Mark Wood (24) and Ali, who put on 57 for the ninth wicket.
Australia captain Michael Clarke enforced the follow-on as his side looked for a consolation victory in this series.
His decision also increased the possibility of a third successive finish inside three days this Ashes after England's eight wickets and innings and 78-run wins in the third and fourth Tests at Edgbaston and Trent Bridge respectively.
England, who have already regained the Ashes, lead the five-match series 3-1.