The first-ever Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report on biodiversity presents mounting and worrying evidence that the biodiversity that underpins our food systems is disappearing, putting the future of our food, livelihoods, health and environment under severe threat. Once lost, warns FAO's State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture report, biodiversity for food and agriculture - i.e. all the species that support our food systems and sustain the people who grow and/or provide our food - cannot be recovered.
Biodiversity for food and agriculture is all the plants and animals - wild and domesticated - that provide food, feed, fuel and fiber. It is also the myriad of organisms that support food production through ecosystem services - called "associated biodiversity".
The report, prepared by FAO under the guidance of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture looks at all these elements. It is based on information provided specifically for this report by 91 countries, and the analysis of the latest global data. The foundation of our food systems is under severe threat. The report points to decreasing plant diversity in farmers' fields, rising numbers of livestock breeds at risk of extinction and increases in the proportion of over fished fish stocks.
Of some 6,000 plant species cultivated for food, fewer than 200 contribute substantially to global food output, and only nine accounts for 66 percent of total crop production. The world's livestock production is based on about 40 animal species, with only a handful providing the vast majority of meat, milk and eggs. Of the 7,745 local (occurring in one country) breeds of livestock reported globally, 26 percent are at risk of extinction.
Nearly a third of fish stocks are overfished, more than half have reached their sustainable limit. Information reveals that wild food species and many species that contribute to ecosystem services that are vital to food and agriculture, including pollinators, soil organisms and natural enemies of pests are rapidly disappearing. For example, the report said, countries report that 24 percent of nearly 4,000 wild food species - mainly plants, fish and mammals - are decreasing in abundance. But the proportion of wild foods in decline is likely to be even greater as the state of more than half of the reported wild food species is unknown.
The largest number of wild food species in decline appears in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, followed by Asia-Pacific and Africa. This could be, however, a result of wild food species being more studied and/or reported on in these countries than in others.
Many associated biodiversity species are also under severe threat. These include birds, bats and insects that help control pests and diseases, soil biodiversity, and wild pollinators - such as bees, butterflies, bats and birds. Forests, rangelands, mangroves, sea grass meadows, coral reefs and wetlands in general - key ecosystems that deliver numerous services essential to food and agriculture and are home to countless species - are also rapidly declining.
The driver of biodiversity for food and agriculture loss cited by most reporting countries is: changes in land and water use and management, followed by pollution, overexploitation and over harvesting, climate change, and population growth and urbanization. In the case of associated biodiversity, while all regions report habitat alteration and loss as major threats, other key drivers vary across regions.
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